Alternate Route Preparation: New York
Expanding the Pool of Teachers Policy
Analysis of New York's policies
Candidates in New York's Transition B route must complete 200 clock hours of
coursework, including 40 clock hours of field experiences. At least six of the
field-based hours must be focused on meeting the needs of students with
disabilities. The state has set a wide range of coursework for Transition B
candidates to complete. In addition to learning about child development,
instructional planning and classroom management, new teachers must also be
instructed in such coursework as the historical, social and legal foundations
of education and instructing students in the prevention of child abduction.
New York provides no specific guidelines about the nature or quantity of
coursework for its Transition C alternate route. There is no limit on the
amount of coursework that can be required overall, nor on the amount of coursework
a candidate can be required to take while also teaching.
Both Transition B and C routes allow colleges to set the time frame for
completion of their alternate route programs. Most programs are intended to be
completed in two years, but this may vary, and some may require up to three
years.
Transition C teachers must teach for three years to be eligible for
standard certification. Transition B alternate route candidates are eligible to
receive full certification within two years.
Transition B candidates receive intensive mentoring during their first eight
weeks and receive continued support during the remainder of the time the
candidate is enrolled in the program and teaching. Program faculty, the school
principal, the mentor and the candidate are required to meet at least once
every three months during the first year of mentored teaching and periodically
thereafter.
Transition C candidates receive mentoring for two years. The state requires
that daily mentoring occur for at least the first 20 days of teaching.
Transitional
G candidates must participate in workshops, and the district must provide
mentoring and appropriate professional development in the areas of pedagogy.
After two years, the Transitional G candidate is eligible for an initial
certificate.
Recommendations for New York
Establish coursework guidelines for alternate route preparation programs.
The state should articulate guidelines regarding the nature and amount of coursework required of candidates. Requirements should be manageable and contribute to the immediate needs of new teachers. Appropriate coursework should include grade-level or subject-level seminars, methodology in the content area, classroom management, assessment and scientifically based early reading instruction.
Ensure that coursework is relevant to the immediate needs of new teachers.
The nature of coursework outlined for Transition B candidates seems to reflect the preparation typical of a traditional program, not a streamlined one designed to meet the immediate needs of new teachers. However constructive, any course that is not fundamentally practical and immediately necessary should be eliminated as a requirement.
Ensure program completion in fewer than two years.
New York should consider shortening the length of time it takes an alternate route teacher to earn standard certification. The route should allow candidates to earn full certification no later than the end of the second year of teaching.
State response to our analysis
New York noted that the introductory component for the Transitional-B route is completed prior to the candidate becoming the teacher of record. According to the Commissioner's Regulations the introductory component "shall include pedagogical core study of at least 200 hours, including field experience."
The state also indicated that in addition to the mentoring requirements defined by regulations to support a Transitional-B teacher once employed as the teacher of record in the classroom, current regulations also require that the classwork and seminars being offered to the Transitional-B candidate is designed in a manner that successfully links educational theory with classroom experience.
Both the Transitional-B and the Transitional-C programs permit candidates to meet part of the coursework requirements using assessment methods to ensure that the candidates possess the knowledge, understanding and skills that would be acquired through this coursework. Examples of methods of assessment include testing, portfolio reviews and demonstration of the required knowledge and skills.
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New York
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Delivering Well Prepared Teachers
- Admission into Teacher Preparation
- Elementary Teacher Preparation
- Elementary Teacher Preparation in Reading Instruction
- Elementary Teacher Preparation in Mathematics
- Middle School Teacher Preparation
- Secondary Teacher Preparation
- Secondary Teacher Preparation in Science
- Special Education Teacher Preparation
- Assessing Professional Knowledge
- Student Teaching
- Teacher Preparation Program Accountability
Expanding the Pool of Teachers
Identifying Effective Teachers
- State Data Systems
- Evaluation of Effectiveness
- Frequency of Evaluations
- Tenure
- Licensure Advancement
- Equitable Distribution
Retaining Effective Teachers
Exiting Ineffective Teachers
Pensions
Research rationale
Alternate route programs must provide practical, meaningful preparation that is sensitive to a new teacher's stress level.
Too many states have policies requiring alternate route programs to "backload" large amounts of traditional education coursework, thereby preventing the emergence of real alternatives to traditional preparation. This issue is especially important given the large proportion of alternate route teachers who complete this coursework while teaching. Alternate route teachers often have to deal with the stresses of beginning to teach while also completing required coursework in the evenings and on weekends. States need to be careful to require participants only to meet standards or complete coursework that is practical and immediately helpful to a new teacher.
Induction support is especially important for alternate route teachers.
Most new teachers—regardless of their preparation—find themselves overwhelmed on taking responsibility for their own classrooms. This is especially true for alternate route teachers, who may have had considerably less classroom exposure or pedagogy training than traditionally prepared teachers. While alternate route programs will ideally have provided at least a brief student teaching experience, not all programs can incorporate this into their models. States must ensure that alternate route programs do not leave new teachers to "sink or swim" on their own when they begin teaching.
Alternate Route Preparation: Supporting Research
For a general, quantitative review of the research supporting the need for states to offer an alternate route license, and why alternate routes should not be treated as programs of "last resort," one need simply to look at the numbers of uncertified and out of field teachers in classrooms today, readily available from the National Center for Education Statistics. In addition, with U.S. schools facing the need to hire more than 3.5 million new teachers each year, the need for alternate routes to certification cannot be underestimated. See also E.R. Ducharme and M.K. Ducharme, "Quantity and quality: Not enough to go around." Journal of Teacher Education, Volume 49, No. 3, May 1998, pp. 163-164.
Further, scientific and market research demonstrates that there is a willing and able pool of candidates for alternate certification programs—and many of these individuals are highly educated and intelligent. In fact, the nationally respected polling firm, The Tarrance Group, recently conducted a scientific poll in the State of Florida, identifying that more than 20 percent of Floridians would consider changing careers to become teachers through alternate routes to certification.
We base our argument that alternative-route teachers should be able to earn full licensure after two years on research indicating that teacher effectiveness does not improve dramatically after the third year of teaching. One study (frequently cited on both sides of the alternate route debate) identified that after three years, traditional and alternatively-certified teachers demonstrate the same level of effectiveness, see J.W. Miller, M.C. McKenna, and B.A. McKenna, "A comparison of alternatively and traditionally prepared teachers". Journal of Teacher Education, Volume 49, No. 3, May 1998, pp. 165-176. This finding is supported by D. Boyd, D. Goldhaber, H. Lankford, and J. Wyckoff, "The Effect of Certification and Preparation on Teacher Quality." The Future of Children, Volume 17, No. 1, Spring 2007, pp. 45-68.
Project MUSE (http://muse.jhu.edu/), found that student achievement was similar for alternatively-certified teachers as long as the program they came from was "highly selective."
The need for a cap on education coursework and the need for intensive mentoring are also backed by research, as well as common sense. In 2004, Education Commission of the States reviewed more than 150 empirical studies and determined that there is evidence "for the claim that assistance for new teachers, and, in particular, mentoring [have] a positive impact on teachers and their retention." The 2006 MetLife Survey of the American Teacher validates these conclusions. In addition, Mathematica (2009) found that student achievement suffers when alternate route teachers are required to take excessive amounts of coursework. See An Evaluation of Teachers Trained Through Different Routes to Certification: Final Report at: http://www.mathematica-mpr.com/publications/pdfs/education/teacherstrained09.pdf
See also Alternative Certification Isn't Alternative (NCTQ, 2007) at: http://www.nctq.org/p/publications/docs/Alternative_Certification_Isnt_Alternative_20071124023109.pdf.