Alternate Route Usage and Providers:
Wisconsin
Expanding the Pool of Teachers Policy
Analysis of Wisconsin's policies
Although Wisconsin does not place restrictions on providers,
the state does limit the usage of its alternate routes.
Candidates may only apply to critical-shortage content fields.
Wisconsin also offers a License Based on Equivalency (LBE), which provides "another pathway to a Wisconsin teaching license for people with teaching experience directly related to the license being sought." These licenses are not limited to any specific subject or grade levels.
State regulations authorize colleges or universities, schools, school
districts, and other public or private organizations to provide alternate route
programs.
Recommendations for Wisconsin
Broaden alternate route usage.
Wisconsin should reconsider subject-area restrictions on its alternate routes. The state should provide a true alternative path to certification and eliminate requirements that alternate route teachers can only be hired if traditionally certified teachers cannot be found. Alternate routes should not be programs of last resort for hard-to-staff subjects, grade levels or geographic areas but rather a way to expand the teacher pipeline throughout the state.State response to our analysis
Wisconsin was helpful in providing NCTQ with facts that enhanced this analysis.
The state noted that the License Based on Equivalency pathway is open to all licensure areas in Wisconsin and the program approval process allows any entity to become an approved provider. Wisconsin does not consider this model a last resort for hard-to-staff subjects, grade level or geographic areas. In fact, it was created to support career changers and candidates interested in entering teaching who had experiences that could be used as a viable equivalent to meet preparation program competencies.
Wisconsin also has some permit pathways that are available to districts.
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Wisconsin
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Delivering Well Prepared Teachers
- Admission into Teacher Preparation
- Elementary Teacher Preparation
- Elementary Teacher Preparation in Reading Instruction
- Elementary Teacher Preparation in Mathematics
- Early Childhood
- Middle School Teacher Preparation
- Secondary Teacher Preparation
- Secondary Teacher Preparation in Science and Social Studies
- Special Education Teacher Preparation
- Special Education Preparation in Reading
- Assessing Professional Knowledge
- Student Teaching
- Teacher Preparation Program Accountability
Expanding the Pool of Teachers
Identifying Effective Teachers
- State Data Systems
- Evaluation of Effectiveness
- Frequency of Evaluations
- Tenure
- Licensure Advancement
- Equitable Distribution
Retaining Effective Teachers
Exiting Ineffective Teachers
Pensions
Research rationale
Alternate routes
should be structured to do more than just address shortages; they should
provide an alternative pipeline for talented individuals to enter the
profession.
Many states have structured their alternate routes as a
streamlined means to certify teachers in shortage subjects, grades or
geographic areas. While alternate routes are an important mechanism for
addressing shortages, they also serve the wider-reaching and more consequential
purpose of providing an alternative pathway for talented individuals to enter
the profession. A true alternate route creates a new pipeline of potential
teachers by certifying those with valuable knowledge and skills who did not
prepare to teach as undergraduates and are disinclined to fulfill the
requirements of a new degree.
Some states claim that the limitations they place on the use
of their alternate routes impose quality control. However, states control who
is admitted and who is licensed. With appropriate standards for admission and program accountability, quality can be safeguarded
without casting alternate routes as routes of last resort or branding alternate
route teachers "second-class citizens."
Alternate Route Usage and Providers: Supporting Research
From
a teacher quality perspective—and supporting NCTQ's contention for broad-based,
respectable, and widely-offered programs—there exists substantial research
demonstrating the need for states to adopt alternate certification programs. Independent
research on candidates who earned certification through the alternate-route
Teach For America (conducted by Kane, Parsons and Associates) and the American
Board for Certification of Teacher Excellence (conducted by Mathematica Policy
Research, Inc. and ABCTE) programs has found that alternate route teachers are
often as effective, and, in many cases, more effective, than
traditionally-prepared teachers. See
also M. Raymond, S. Fletcher, and J. Luque, July 2001. Teach for America: An evaluation of teacher differences and student outcomes in Houston, Texas. Stanford, CA: The Hoover Institution, Center
for Research on Education Outcomes.
Specifically,
evidence of the effectiveness of candidates in respectable and selective
alternate certification requirements can be found in J. Constantine, D. Player,
T. Silva, K. Hallgren, M. Grider, J. Deke, and E. Warner, An Evaluation of Teachers Trained Through Different Routes to Certification: Final Report, February 2009, U.S. Department of Education, NCEE 2009-4043; D. Boyd, P. Grossman, H. Lankford, S. Loeb, and J. Wyckoff, "How Changes in Entry Requirements Alter the Teacher Workforce and Affect Student Achievement." NBER Working Paper No. 11844, December 2005; T. Kane, J. Rockoff, and D. Staiger. "What Does Certification Tell Us About Teacher Effectiveness? Evidence from New York City." NBER Working Paper No.12155, April 2006.
A
number of studies have also found alternative-certification programs such as
Teach for America to produce teachers that were more effective at improving student achievement than other teachers
with similar levels of experience. See
Z. Xu, J. Hannaway, and C. Taylor, "Making a Difference? The Effects of Teach for America in High School." The Urban Institute/Calder, April 2007, Working Paper 17;
D. Boyd, P. Grossman, K. Hammerness, H. Lankford, S. Loeb, M. Ronfeldt, and J. Wyckoff, "Recruiting Effective Math Teachers: How Do Math Immersion Teachers Compare?: Evidence from New York City." NBER Working Paper 16017, May 2010.
For
evidence that alternate route programs offered by institutions of higher
education are often virtually identical to traditional programs, see Alternative
Certification Isn't Alternative (NCTQ, 2007) at: http://www.nctq.org/p/publications/docs/Alternative_Certification_Isnt_Alternative_20071124023109.pdf.